专业英语——土地资源管理

        25考研结束啦，很多同学都对自己进行了估分，估完分就到了要准备复试的环节了，对于很多同学来说口语是最难的一部分，今天为土地资源管理专业的同学们准备了专业英语词汇。可以持续关注新东方考研网，为你提供广西历年研究生资讯信息，帮助大家了解名种研究生相关信息。

agrarian structure 土地结构 

as long as 如果只要  

buffer zones 缓冲带 

comprehensive land consolidation 综合土地整理 

entry point 切入点 

fragmented holdings 破碎化的土地 

gender inclusion 性别包含 

individual consolidation initiative 个别土地整理倡议 

irrigation and drainage infrastructure 灌排设施 

land bank 土地银行 

land consolidation 土地整理 

land leveling 土地平整 

land reserves土地储备 

net income 净收益 

noble landlords 贵族地主 

participatory approaches 参与途径 

recreational sites娱乐用地

rural development农村发展

simplified consolidation 简化土地整理

voluntary group consolidation 自愿组织的土地整理

worse off 情况不佳

allowable use 许可利用    

Bureau of Land Management （BLM）土地管理局   

decision Ares 决定区域    

desired outcome 预期成果   

exotic invasive species 有害入侵物种  

FLPMA联邦土地政策和管理法案   

management action 管理行为   

NEPA国家环境政策法    

planning area 规划区域   

provided that 倘若，假使    

split estate 可分割不动产   

temporal scales 时间尺度    

utility corridors 公共通道

APR实际年利率     

Benefit-to-Cost ratio 成本收益率   

discount rate 还原利率，贴现利率     

discounted cash flow analysis 贴现现金流分析     

economic analysis 经济分析    

financial analysis 财务分析     

gross margin 毛利率    

internal rate of return 内部收益率     

market-oriented concept 微观经济概念    

Net Present Value（NPV） 净现值     

nominal interest rates 名义利率    

per-accounting-period 每个会计年度    

physical constraints 自然限制性条件     

religious dietary prohibition 宗教中的饮食禁令     

return to labor 劳动力报酬   

 return to land 土地报酬   

the ALES 自动土地评价系统     

the least common multiple 最小公倍数 

1.Land consolidation is sometimes incorrectly interpreted to be only the simple reallocation of parcels to remove effects of fragmentation. 土地整理有时被错误的理解成为了克服土地破碎化的影响仅对土地进行的简单再配置。   

2.Improving the agrarian structure was viewed as being identical to maintaining the social viability in rural areas ;  what was good for the farmers was good for areas.改善农业用地结构被认为与维持乡村地区的社会生存发展能力具有相同的含义，对农民有益的事物也对乡村地区的发展有益。 

3.The emphasis of land consolidation projects has shifted from a focus on restructuring agriculture to one of achieving more efficient multiple use of rural space by balancing the interests of agriculture, landscape ,  nature conservation  , recreation and transportation ,  especially when land is required for the construction of major roads.土地整理工程的重点已经从以调整农业结构为主转变为通过平衡农业、景观、自然保护、休闲娱乐和交通特别是土地要满足主干道路建设需求时之间的利益关系来实现乡村空间更有效的多功能利用。 

4.In line with other changes in the concept of rural development, land consolidation now places increasing importance on gender inclusion , participatory approaches and the use of mediation and alternative dispute resolution in resolving conflicts.为了保持与乡村发展概念中其他变化的一致性，如今，土地整理日益强调性别包含。参与途径以及在化解矛盾时调节机制和解决选择性冲突。 

5.Comprehensive land consolidation include the re-allocation of parcels together with a broad range of other measures to promote rural development.综合土地整理包括破碎地块的配置和促进乡村发展的范围广泛的其他措施。 

6.There is usually a clear division between responsibility for overall supervision ,control and monitoring functions, and responsibility for implementation. 在全面监督、控制、监测功能和执行的职责之间具有明显的差别 

7.With the trend towards decentralization projects increasingly involve local and regional governments, municipalities, water boards or water associations.随着地方分权趋势的深化，工程日益需要地方和区域政府、市政府、水资源理事会或者协会的参与。 

8.The participation of farmers’ groups and other representatives of civil society have always been considered necessary but , along with the importance attributed to participatory development , their involvement is becoming greater and is occurring at the earliest stages of the process. 农场主团体和其他民间社团代表的参与一直很必要，而且，随着对分享发展重要性认识的增长，他们的参与越来越广泛，并且在工程的最初阶段就参与了。

9.People may be required to participate even if they oppose the project as long as they will not lose as a result of it .即使反对工程的人们也被要求参与，只要他们不因为反对而失去什么。

10.Because there are so many competing interests of the various stakeholders , objections may be raised regarding the initial inventory of ownership , boundaries and values of parcels , and in the preparation of the detailed consolidation plan showing the re-allocation of parcels  . 因为不同的利益享受者之间存在许多利益冲突，可能会引起关于地块的所有权、边界和价值的原始清册和反映地块重新配置的详细整理规划准备方面的异议。

11.Simplified land consolidation optimizes conditions in the agricultural sector through the re-allocation or exchange of parcels ,and the provision of additional lands from land banks.通过地块的再配置和调换，以及由土地银行提供额外的土地，简化了土地整理改善了农业区域的条件。

12.Consolidation of holdings can take place on an informal and sporadic basis.土地整理可以在非正式的、零星的基础上进行。 

13.However， the state can play a significant role in encourage consolidation that improve agriculture by promoting instruments such as joint use agreements，leasing and retirement schemes. 但是国家可以在鼓励土地整理方面发挥重要作用，通过促进像联合土地利用协议、租赁和收回方案等手段来改善农业生产条件。

14.While specific land consolidation legislation may not be needed for a pilot project ,appropriate legislation must exist to provide a legal basis for the project .These conditions may not exist and so may have to be developed. 虽然示范工程可能不需要特殊土地整理立法，但是，必须有适当的方法为工程提供法律基础。上述条件可能不存在，因此，可能有待提出。

1.Use and observe the principle of multiple use and sustained yield . 利用和遵守多用途和持续收益原理。

2.Give priority to designating and protecting areas of critical environmental concern （ACECs）优先考虑临界环境关注区域的指定和保护。

3.Consider the relative scarcity of the values involved and the availability of alternative means and sites for realizing those values 考虑相关价值的相对不足和认识这些价值的备选方法、地点的有效性。

4.Goals are broad statements of desired outcomes(e.g. maintain ecosystem health and productivity, promote community stability, ensure sustainable development)that usually are not quantifiable.目的是对通常不能量化的预期成果（例如维持生态系统的健康和生产能力、促进社区稳定、保障可持续发展）都宽泛描述。 

5.A sample goal for a Land Health Standard is:“Maintain healthy, productive plant and animal communities of native and other desirable species at viable population levels commensurate with the species and habitat’s potential.”一个有关土地健康标准的典型调查目的是：使健康、具有生产能力的本地动物和植物群落以及其他值得保护的物种保持和物种与栖息地潜力相称的能够繁衍的种族水平。 

6.A sample goal from the Strategic plan is:“Sustain desired biological communities on Department of  the Interior-managed  and influenced lands and waters in a manner consistent with obligations regarding the allocation and use of water.战略规划目的的例子为：以与有关水资源分配和利用职责相一致的方式，在土地和水的内部管理、内部影响的区域内保持有益生物群落的活力。

7.Unless the state director determines otherwise , the planning area for a RMP is the geographic area associated with a particular field office  除非州长做出了不同的决定，否则，资源管理规划的区域应是一个与特殊领域的政府机构有关的地理区域。

8.Information presented at multiple scales also helps the BLM to understand priority resource issues , tailor decisions to specific and circumstances , and analyze cumulative impacts 多维信息也有助于土地管理局了解资源利用的主要问题，改变决策以适应特殊需求和环境，以及分析所积累的影响。

1.Physical  land  evaluation  provides  no  objective  method  to  compare  different  land  uses  for  a  given  land  area, as  there  is  no  inherent  common  scale  of   measure  between  the  land  use. 由于不同土地利用方式之间缺乏内在共有的衡量标准，因此特定区域土地的自然评价就不能提供客观的方法来比较不同的土地利用方式。 

2.In many situations ,it is realistic to use economic measure of cost and benefit, and then use these to quantify the land use potential and suitability, according to the land evaluation definition.从土地评价定义来看，很多情况下采用成本和收益的经济学衡量方法来量化土地利用的潜力和适宜性是可行的。 

3.We don’t pretend to survey the vast field of agricultural and natural resource economics , only those aspects that directly bear on the land evaluation process  我们不会失去通盘考虑关于农业和自然资源经济学领域中的所有内容，只会涉及那些与土地评价过程有直接关系的方面

4.Historically,land evaluation had its origin in land capability classification ,  soil survey interpretation, and similar physical evaluations ,in which the use potential of land is expressed in terms of its predicted physical response to various land uses or in terms of physical constraints to these use.历史地看，土地评价源于土地生产力分类、土壤调查说明和与现在土地评价相类似的自然评价，在这种自然评价中，土地利用潜力表现为不同利用方式下土地潜在的自然生产能力或土地在不同利用方式下的限制性条件。 

5.In pure subsistence agriculture, the benefit are the consumable foodstuffs  ,fiber ,wood , animal product etc . They can be quantified as calories, grams of protein, ect. the cost are labor, which can be quantified by time and intensity.在纯粹是自给自足的农业社会里，农业收益指的是用于消费的食物、纤维、木材以及动物产品等。这些物质可以用热量和蛋白质的重量来量化；而投入的成本则可以用劳动时间和强度来量化。 

6.In market-oriented societies that are largely organized by economic interactions (i.e. where money and its surrogates are the primary means of exchange )both benefit and cost can be expressed by economic measure:“everything has its price”.在市场经济社会中，社会主要由各种经济性相互作用组成（这里，金钱及其代替物是首要的交换手段）无论收益还是成本，都可以通过经济衡量尺度表现出来，即：“每样东西都有价格” 

7.It is certainly true that individuals , groups and societies are not completely motivated by the desire to make and accumulate wealth , but this does not mean that economic analysis is not valid  毫无疑问，尽管个人、团体和社会都不会完全受欲望的驱使去创造和积累财富，但这并不意味着经济分析不起作用

8.These “non-economic” preferences can be expressed as absolute or partial barriers to economic behavior  这些非经济的偏好完全或部分地影响了经济行为

10.Another problem with economic analysis is the long-term , or intergenerational , transfer of wealth 土地经济评价的另一个问题涉及财富在长期或代际间的转移

11.A serious problem and an area of active research is the assignment of economic values to things that do not have an established market value in the same sense as actively-traded good such as a good commodity. 

一个重要的问题同时也是一个研究的热点，就是如何给交易活跃的商品中那些没有市场价格的物品赋值，例如食品。 

Much of environmental economics is taken up with this problem. 多环境经济学是采取了这个问题 

12.在土地评价中，包含了明显的外部性如水污染和水库的淤积，也包含了对现有资源基础所带来的变化

13.The economic suitability of a land area for a land use is the predicted net economic benefit to a specified party (e.g. landowner ,land user, society) to be expected if the land area is dedicated to the use.当某区域的土地确定将被用于某种用途时，对该土地在该种土地利用方式下的土地经济适宜性评价即为对不同收益者如土地所有者、土地使用者、社会的预期土地经济收益的预测。 

14.Note:the economic value of a land use system implemented on a given land area is not synonymous with the market value of the land area (land evaluation land valuation) although the predict return to a land unit of land uses obviously influences its price.土地在某种特定的利用方式下的经济价值与这块土地的市场价值并不是同义的（土地评价≠土地估价），尽管土地单元在不同利用方式下的预期回报明显地影响着它的市场价格。 

15.The accessibility , and by extension , all costs and benefits associated with the specific location as opposed to the resource quality 土地的空间可达性，或从广义上来讲，所有的成本和收益都与土地的特定位置而非资源的质量有关

17.The gross margin dose not take into account the time value of money except that , if any capital costs are incurred , such as land improvements , the cash flow needed to service the interest on loans may be included in the costs   除了像土地改良这样会引起资金成本，用来支付贷款利率的现金流可能会被纳入成本之外，毛利率通常不考虑资金的时间价值

18.Thus , the gross margin is mostly insensitive to interest rates , and as such is an excellent first approximation of financial feasibility , i.e. cash flow to the operator . It is an entirely appropriate measure of economic suitability for annual or shot-term rotational  LUTs with no or few capital cost   因此，大多数情况下，毛利对于利率并不敏感，并且因此而成为财务可行性的第一最佳近似值

19.The net present value （NPV）is the cash worth of the land-use scheme at the present time ，on a per unit area （normalized）or aggregate （per-field or per-farm）basis，over the useful life of the scheme. 净现值指在土地利用方案的有效期内，以（标准化）或汇总（每块田或每个农场）的单位面积为基础计算的土地利用方案的当前现金价值。 

20.The NPV is not normalized to a per-accounting-period basis ,as is the gross margin.与毛利不同，净现值不会按会计年度标准化。 

21.In practice, the shorter planning horizons (e.g. rotations) must be lengthened to equal the longer planning horizons (e.g. plantation crops ),by repeating the sequence of inputs and outputs of the shorter plans.在实践中，短期的规划（如轮作）应该通过重复短期规划的投入和产出过程将其延长到和长期的规划（如园林作物）一样长。

22.This assumes that the landowner can afford any negative cash flows early in the planning horizon , but if the economic projections are correct , a bank should be willing to lend at the discount rate given the projected favorable NPV 上述情况假定，土地所有者能够承担规划初期的任何负向资金流，不过，如果经济预测准确，在所预测的净现值合理的情况下，银行应该会愿意按照贴现率提供贷款的

23.To compare land uses with different planning horizons , the appropriate measure is the internal rate of return , which is the interest rate below which the “project” becomes financially attractive. 比较土地用途的不同方案时，恰当的方法是使用内部收益率，即低于在财务上更具吸引力的方案的利率